Planning for The Long Term
The City of Sydney faces several major challenges in the wake of providing a clear mitigation strategy to the global issue of climate change induced sea level rise. This is a long-term issue that spans across the tenure of many future city Majors’ and state/federal governments.
The current research commissioned by the Australian Government show that the risk of inundation from climate change to the City of Sydney’s Local Government Area over the next 100 years is relatively low to medium, due to the city's topography and the modelling levels adopted,). However given the unpredictable speed of climate change this risk has the potential to increase over the modelling projections a 0.90 metre sea level rise by 2094 (City of Sydney-Environment Committee, 2015). International studies have shown that climate change is estimated to escalate from the year 2000 to 2100 and that the magnitude and speed of change will also be affected. Regional sea levels in Australasia (Australia and New Zealand) are predicted to rise at a speed will exceeding the historical rate (1971-2010), as is demonstrated by global mean trends, (Lead Authours: Andy Reisinger, Roger L. Kitching et al, 2014). The rise of sea levels and changing rainfall patterns are projected to worsen the effects of inundation of low lying areas and coastline erosion, this has direct implications to city infrastructure and housing. (Lead Authours: Andy Reisinger, Roger L. Kitching et al, 2014).” Planning for sea level rises in both Australia and New Zealand is increasingly adopted as part of a general framework, yet concrete implementation of policies remain piecemeal, as these are affected by political barriers and challenges to the legal aspect of policy plans. However despite these setbacks It is positive to see that adaptation planning is already formulating and being incorporated into the planning process. Although the process is still at a conceptual stage and nothing approaching a direct plan has yet been implemented. The four hurdles to a rising sea level mitigation strategy for the City of Sydney are Social Awareness; Resource Planning; The Geography of the City of Sydney and the Politics of Planning.
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References:
Australian Government- Geosciences Australia. (2015). Risks to Coatsal Settlements, infrastructure and ecosystems, Sea level Rise Maps. Retrieved August 10, 2015, from OZCoasts Australia's Online Coastal Information: http://www.ozcoasts.gov.au/climate/risks.jsp, http://www.ozcoasts.gov.au/climate/sd_visual.jsp
Brisbane City Council. (2012, January). Flood Recovery Report. Retrieved August 10, 2015, from BrisbaneCityCouncil: http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/sites/default/files/Brisbane_City_Council_12_month_flood_recovery_report_fact_sheet.pdf
City of Sydney Council. (2014). Sydney 2030-Adapting for Climate Change- A long term strategy for the City Of Sydney. Retrieved August 10, 2015, from CityofSydney: http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/239710/150803_EC_ITEM07_ATTACHMENTA.PDF
City of Sydney. (2010). Sustainable Sydney 2030- The Vision. Retrieved August 10, 2015, from CityofSydney: http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/vision/sustainable-sydney-2030/downloads
City of Sydney-Environment Committee. (2015). Item 7: Climate Adaptation Strategy- Environment Committee- Public Exhibition. Retrieved August 10, 2015, from CityofSydney: http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/239688/150803_EC_ITEM07.pdf
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Geoscience Australia. (2015). Western Sydney Parklands. Retrieved August 10, 2015, from Geoscience Australia: http://www.ga.gov.au/__data/assets/image/0013/12064/GA5450.jpg
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Lead Authours: Andy Reisinger, Roger L. Kitching et al. (2014). Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adapatation and Vulnerability- Regional Aspects- Australasia. Retrieved August 10, 2015, from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg2/WGIIAR5-Chap25_FINAL.pdf
Lead Authours: Muyeye Chambwera, Geoffrey Heal et al. (2014). Climate Chanage 2014: Impacts, Adapatation and Vulnerability- Chapter 17 Economics of Adaptation. Retrieved August 05, 2015, from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:
http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg2/WGIIAR5-Chap15_FINAL.pdf
SydneyMorningHerald. (2015). Images_Sydney. Retrieved August 10, 2015, from SydneyMorningHerald: http://www.smh.com.au/images/gr_sydney.jpg
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Frihy, O.E., 2001: The necessity of environmental impact assessment (EIA) in implementing coastal projects: lessons learned from the Egyptian Mediterranean Coast. Ocean & Coastal Management, 44(7-8), 489-516.
Agrawala, S., F. Bosello, C. Carraro, E. de Cian, and E. Lanzi, 2011: Adapting to climate change: costs, benefits, and modelling approaches. International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, 5(3), 245-284.
Wang, W.W. and B.A. McCarl, 2013: Temporal investment in climate change adaptation and mitigation. Climate Change Economics, 04(02), 1350009, doi:10.1142/ S2010007813500097.
Hallegatte, S., F. Lecocq, and C. De Perthuis, 2011a: Designing Climate Change Adaptation Policies – An Economic Framework. Policy Research Working Paper No. 5568, Office of the Chief Economist, Sustainable Development Network, The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA, 39 pp.
Füssel, H.-M., S. Hallegatte, and M. Reder, 2012: International adaptation funding. In: Climate Change, Justice and Sustainability: Linking Climate and Development Policy [Edenhofer, O., J. Wallacher, H. Lotze-Campen, M. Reder, B. Knopf, and J.Müller (eds.)]. Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 311-330.
Parry, M., N. Arnell, P. Berry, D. Dodman, S. Fankhauser, C. Hope, S. Kovats, R. Nichollas, D. Satterthwaite, R. Tiffin, and R. Wheeler, 2009: Assessing the Costs of Adaptation to Climate Change: A Review of the UNFCCC and Other Recent Estimates. International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) and Grantham Institute for Climate Change, Imperial College London, London, UK, 111 pp.
Osberghaus, D., E. Finkerl, and M. Pohl, 2010b: Individual Adaptation to Climate Change: The Role of Information and Perceived Risk. ZEW Discussion Paper No. 10-061, Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung (ZEW) GmbH, Centre for European Economic Research, Mannheim, Germany, 31 pp., ftp://ftp.zew.de/pub/zew-docs/dp/dp10061.pdf.
Burby, J.R., 2006: Hurricane Katrina and the paradoxes of government disaster policy: bringing about wise governmental decisions for hazardous areas. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 604(1), 171-191.
Laffont, J.J., 1995: Regulation, moral hazard and insurance of environmental risks. Journal of Public Economics, 58(3),
Australian Government- Geosciences Australia. (2015). Risks to Coatsal Settlements, infrastructure and ecosystems, Sea level Rise Maps. Retrieved August 10, 2015, from OZCoasts Australia's Online Coastal Information: http://www.ozcoasts.gov.au/climate/risks.jsp, http://www.ozcoasts.gov.au/climate/sd_visual.jsp
Brisbane City Council. (2012, January). Flood Recovery Report. Retrieved August 10, 2015, from BrisbaneCityCouncil: http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/sites/default/files/Brisbane_City_Council_12_month_flood_recovery_report_fact_sheet.pdf
City of Sydney Council. (2014). Sydney 2030-Adapting for Climate Change- A long term strategy for the City Of Sydney. Retrieved August 10, 2015, from CityofSydney: http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/239710/150803_EC_ITEM07_ATTACHMENTA.PDF
City of Sydney. (2010). Sustainable Sydney 2030- The Vision. Retrieved August 10, 2015, from CityofSydney: http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/vision/sustainable-sydney-2030/downloads
City of Sydney-Environment Committee. (2015). Item 7: Climate Adaptation Strategy- Environment Committee- Public Exhibition. Retrieved August 10, 2015, from CityofSydney: http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/239688/150803_EC_ITEM07.pdf
fansshare. (2015). ImageofSydney. Retrieved August 10, 2015, from fansshare: http://www2.fansshare.com/gallery/photos/16279752/shelly-beach-park-sydney-northern-beaches-sunset-manly-beach-lifestyle-blog-beaches/?displaying
Floodmap. (2015). Elevation of Sydney, Australia Elevation Map. Retrieved August 10, 2015, from FloodMap: http://www.floodmap.net/Elevation/ElevationMap/?gi=2147714
Geoscience Australia. (2015). Western Sydney Parklands. Retrieved August 10, 2015, from Geoscience Australia: http://www.ga.gov.au/__data/assets/image/0013/12064/GA5450.jpg
Imgur. (2015). treeplantation. Retrieved August 10, 2015, from imgur: http://i.imgur.com/oXw4E9d.jp
Lead Authours: Andy Reisinger, Roger L. Kitching et al. (2014). Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adapatation and Vulnerability- Regional Aspects- Australasia. Retrieved August 10, 2015, from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg2/WGIIAR5-Chap25_FINAL.pdf
Lead Authours: Muyeye Chambwera, Geoffrey Heal et al. (2014). Climate Chanage 2014: Impacts, Adapatation and Vulnerability- Chapter 17 Economics of Adaptation. Retrieved August 05, 2015, from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:
http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg2/WGIIAR5-Chap15_FINAL.pdf
SydneyMorningHerald. (2015). Images_Sydney. Retrieved August 10, 2015, from SydneyMorningHerald: http://www.smh.com.au/images/gr_sydney.jpg
Tenrandomfacts. (2015). ImageofMeekrats. Retrieved August 10, 2015, from Tenrandomfacts: http://tenrandomfacts.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Meerkats.jpg
Frihy, O.E., 2001: The necessity of environmental impact assessment (EIA) in implementing coastal projects: lessons learned from the Egyptian Mediterranean Coast. Ocean & Coastal Management, 44(7-8), 489-516.
Agrawala, S., F. Bosello, C. Carraro, E. de Cian, and E. Lanzi, 2011: Adapting to climate change: costs, benefits, and modelling approaches. International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, 5(3), 245-284.
Wang, W.W. and B.A. McCarl, 2013: Temporal investment in climate change adaptation and mitigation. Climate Change Economics, 04(02), 1350009, doi:10.1142/ S2010007813500097.
Hallegatte, S., F. Lecocq, and C. De Perthuis, 2011a: Designing Climate Change Adaptation Policies – An Economic Framework. Policy Research Working Paper No. 5568, Office of the Chief Economist, Sustainable Development Network, The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA, 39 pp.
Füssel, H.-M., S. Hallegatte, and M. Reder, 2012: International adaptation funding. In: Climate Change, Justice and Sustainability: Linking Climate and Development Policy [Edenhofer, O., J. Wallacher, H. Lotze-Campen, M. Reder, B. Knopf, and J.Müller (eds.)]. Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 311-330.
Parry, M., N. Arnell, P. Berry, D. Dodman, S. Fankhauser, C. Hope, S. Kovats, R. Nichollas, D. Satterthwaite, R. Tiffin, and R. Wheeler, 2009: Assessing the Costs of Adaptation to Climate Change: A Review of the UNFCCC and Other Recent Estimates. International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) and Grantham Institute for Climate Change, Imperial College London, London, UK, 111 pp.
Osberghaus, D., E. Finkerl, and M. Pohl, 2010b: Individual Adaptation to Climate Change: The Role of Information and Perceived Risk. ZEW Discussion Paper No. 10-061, Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung (ZEW) GmbH, Centre for European Economic Research, Mannheim, Germany, 31 pp., ftp://ftp.zew.de/pub/zew-docs/dp/dp10061.pdf.
Burby, J.R., 2006: Hurricane Katrina and the paradoxes of government disaster policy: bringing about wise governmental decisions for hazardous areas. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 604(1), 171-191.
Laffont, J.J., 1995: Regulation, moral hazard and insurance of environmental risks. Journal of Public Economics, 58(3),